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961.
Mass and energy fluxes between the atmosphere and vegetation are driven by meteorological variables, and controlled by plant
water status, which may change more markedly diurnally than soil water. We tested the hypothesis that integration of dynamic
changes in leaf water potential may improve the simulation of CO2 and water fluxes over a wheat canopy. Simulation of leaf water potential was integrated into a comprehensive model (the ChinaAgrosys)
of heat, water and CO2 fluxes and crop growth. Photosynthesis from individual leaves was integrated to the canopy by taking into consideration the
attenuation of radiation when penetrating the canopy. Transpiration was calculated with the Shuttleworth-Wallace model in
which canopy resistance was taken as a link between energy balance and physiological regulation. A revised version of the
Ball-Woodrow-Berry stomatal model was applied to produce a new canopy resistance model, which was validated against measured
CO2 and water vapour fluxes over winter wheat fields in Yucheng (36°57′ N, 116°36′ E, 28 m above sea level) in the North China
Plain during 1997, 2001 and 2004. Leaf water potential played an important role in causing stomatal conductance to fall at
midday, which caused diurnal changes in photosynthesis and transpiration. Changes in soil water potential were less important.
Inclusion of the dynamics of leaf water potential can improve the precision of the simulation of CO2 and water vapour fluxes, especially in the afternoon under water stress conditions. 相似文献
962.
A microscale three-dimensional urban energy balance model for studying surface temperatures 总被引:1,自引:2,他引:1
A microscale three-dimensional (3-D) urban energy balance model, Temperatures of Urban Facets in 3-D (TUF-3D), is developed
to predict urban surface temperatures for a variety of surface geometries and properties, weather conditions, and solar angles.
The surface is composed of plane-parallel facets: roofs, walls, and streets, which are further sub-divided into identical
square patches, resulting in a 3-D raster-type model geometry. The model code is structured into radiation, conduction and
convection sub-models. The radiation sub-model uses the radiosity approach and accounts for multiple reflections and shading
of direct solar radiation. Conduction is solved by finite differencing of the heat conduction equation, and convection is
modelled by empirically relating patch heat transfer coefficients to the momentum forcing and the building morphology. The
radiation and conduction sub-models are tested individually against measurements, and the complete model is tested against
full-scale urban surface temperature and energy balance observations. Modelled surface temperatures perform well at both the
facet-average and the sub-facet scales given the precision of the observations and the uncertainties in the model inputs.
The model has several potential applications, such as the calculation of radiative loads, and the investigation of effective
thermal anisotropy (when combined with a sensor-view model). 相似文献
963.
F. Couvreux F. Guichard V. Masson J.-L. Redelsperger 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2007,123(2):269-294
This study focuses on the intrusion of dry air into the convective boundary layer (CBL) originating from the top of the CBL.
Aircraft in-situ measurements from the IHOP_2002 field campaign indicate a prevalence of negative skewness of the water vapour
distribution within the growing daytime CBL over land. This negative skewness is interpreted according to large-eddy simulations
(LES) as the result of descending dry downdrafts originating from above the mixed layer. LES are used to determine the statistical
properties of these intrusions: their size and thermodynamical characteristics. A conditional sampling analysis demonstrates
their significance in the retrieval of moisture variances and fluxes. The rapid CBL growth explains why greater negative skewness
is observed during the growing phase: the large amounts of dry air that are quickly incorporated into the CBL prevent a full
homogenisation by turbulent mixing. The boundary-layer warming in this phase also plays a role in the acquisition of negative
buoyancy for these dry tongues, and thus possibly explains their kinematics in the lower CBL. Budget analysis helps to identify
the processes responsible for the negative skewness. This budget study underlines the main role of turbulent transport, which
distributes the skewness produced at the top or the bottom of the CBL into the interior of the CBL. The dry tongues contribute
significantly to this turbulent transport. 相似文献
964.
不同区域气候模式对中国地区温度和降水的长期模拟比较 总被引:19,自引:9,他引:19
利用亚洲区域模式比较计划RMIP第二阶段五个区域模式和一个变网格全球模式,对中国地区1988年12月~1998年11月十年模拟的平均温度和降水结果,分析比较了不同区域气候模式对中国地区温度和降水的模拟能力。研究结果表明:几乎所有模式都能模拟出中国地区多年平均温度和降水的基本空间分布形态,但模式模拟的温度普遍偏低,在大部分区域,大多数模式模拟的降水偏多,而且不同模式之间存在较大差别。模式能较好地反映出中国地区温度的年际变化,对夏季降水的年际变化模拟较差,对冬季模拟较好。 相似文献
965.
使用国家气候中心的区域气候模式对1961~1990、2001~2030年湖北省逐月气温、降水量的预估值(格点0.5°×0.5°,A2情景),以1961~1990年湖北省平均温度和平均降水量为基准,计算并分析未来30年(2001~2030年)及每10年年平均气温、降水量变化趋势。结果表明:(1)未来30年湖北省年平均气温普遍呈上升趋势,上升幅度在0.19~0.39℃之间,平均0.27℃,鄂南增温比鄂北快,其中2021~2030年增幅最大,2001~2010年增幅最小;(2)年平均降水量湖北省大部呈减少趋势,表现出南增北减、东增西减的特点,2001~2010年变化不大,2011~2020年绝大多数站点均有不同幅度增加,2021~2030年全省各地呈一致的下降趋势,湖北省南涝北旱趋势将有所加剧。 相似文献
966.
对住宅小区的侧墙绿化墙面与裸露墙面温湿度的对比分析发现,侧墙绿化可以有效地改善墙体的温湿度状况;同时通过观测爬墙虎的蒸腾速率,推算出其对环境的降温增湿效果;并通过有侧墙绿化与无侧墙绿化室内温湿度分析比较,说明侧墙绿化对室内温湿度的影响。 相似文献
967.
Wolf-Rainer Abraham Alexandre José Macedo Luiz Humberto Gomes Flavio C. A. Tavares 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2007,35(4):339-347
The load of pathogenic bacteria, their fate and their dangerousness in the Tietê River were assessed along 100 km starting from the city of São Paulo, Brazil. The data were compared with those from two German rivers. High loads of pathogens were found in the Tietê River near the city of São Paulo (Escherichia coli O157:H7, Shigella flexneri, and Shigella boydii), which were absent 30 km downstream of São Paulo. The antibiotic resistances observed in the Tietê river were rather low and decreased after the major input in São Paulo to significantly lower levels about 30 km downstream. While the Brazilian isolates were more susceptible for ampicillin than the German ones, the reverse was observed for gentamycin. For optimal control of infections in humans critical areas where these bacteria survived longer and their elimination mechanisms should be identified as well as the extent and the origin of antibiotic resistance should be determined. 相似文献
968.
对宁夏20个测站1961—2004年的冬季负积温EOF分析表明,冬季的冷趋势具有明显的大尺度特征,在近40 a逐渐变暖。据累积距平显示,l986年出现了突变,之前,冬季气温偏低,具体表现为冷冬年全部分布在此时段,之后偏暖,90年代以后出现暖冬的频次明显增加。≤0℃持续日数具有明显的年代际变化,2001—2004年比60年代平均减少了13.5 d。在80%保证率下,全区≤0℃持续日数和负积温依地势自北向南增多,引黄灌区最少,中部干旱带次之,南部黄土丘陵区相对最多。 相似文献
969.
利用常规的天气图、卫星云图和物理量诊断对2004年春季两次持续性增温过程及降水天气进行诊断分析,结果表明:两次增温过程的降水强度、范围和落区等差异显著。前者造成了陕西历史上最早的暴雨过程,并有冰雹相伴;后者则为一般性降水。在春季降水过程中,当南海和菲律宾附近有热带低压云系存在时,对陕西的强降水有增幅作用;来自孟加拉湾700 hPa的偏西南急流和来自南海850 hPa的偏东南急流直伸到陕西的位置决定强降水的落区。700 hPa正涡度中心与垂直运动的上升区配合很好,涡度随着暴雨的临近明显增大,正涡度的增长,有利于对流的发展。 相似文献
970.
近47a来青海湖流域气候变化分析 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
选取青海湖流域内及临近7个气象站点,对各站1959~2005年的降水和气温数据采用泰森多边形法进行了计算,并运用Mann-Kendall方法对其变化趋势进行了分析,同时对流域近47 a的气候变化与青海湖水位变化做了相关分析。结果表明:①青海湖流域近47 a来降水存在明显的阶段性变化,20世纪60年代、80年代、90年代降水都呈上升的趋势,70年代为下降趋势;同时年、夏季降水有增加的趋势。②同时期气温存在显著的上升趋势,尤其是冬季增温显著,年变化倾向率达到0.53℃/10 a,1987~2000年与1961~1986年相比,平均气温增加了0.79℃,显著高于全国水平。③青海湖流域近47 a来春、夏、秋、冬陆面蒸发变化倾向率均为正值,夏季陆面蒸发增加趋势显著,年变化倾向率为4.17 mm/10 a。④流域降水量对湖水位的年变化、布哈河径流、沙柳河径流有着显著的影响;在9 a尺度上讲,未来5 a流域秋季降水处于上升阶段,湖水下降会有所减缓或者回升。 相似文献